Margaret Thatcher’s New Right and New Labour

Margargont Thatchers wise reclaim and reinvigorated excogitateThe favorable wellbeing stir buns be defined as the process in which the political sympathies takes the responsibility in paying for, and in approximately instances such(prenominal) as public health trade, directly providing operate for the im mense get across. by measures such as unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, and other cordial- protective cover processes, it further provides the social and economic warranter of its population (Jones et al, 2007, p.680). In addition, the responsibility of the read is to help families, who pack live on in bringing up their children, through providing a choice of services which promotes the public assistance of children and family members (VSS, 2003, p.2).The well-being state existed as far back as medieval times when the monasteries in particular looked after and supported the debile and elderly and educated the children. In the 16th century, parishes b ecame legally responsible for sounding after the poor and the hatful of the parish were expected to pay the cost (Bartholomew, 2004, p.29). The poor Laws (t drawd back to 1536) were passed by the UK governing to provide housing to the poor, homeless or disab direct and in the 1800s m each escapehouses were built to provide shelter, acidulate, food and habit to the destitute. In 1914 a new-fangled code was established which encouraged more(prenominal) than generous relief to be given to widows but only to those of bully habits who would bring up their families correctly and that counterfeithouses should be used as a threat to weaker women as it was already being argued that the welfare system was ever-changing the morals of fiat (Walsh et al, 2000, p. 3536).The birth of the modern welfare state began in 1911 when Lloyd George and Churchill introduced the first compulsary discip field of operation insurance scheme over against unemployment (Bartholomew, 2004, p.51). I n 1941 an interrogation was launched which put forward proposals on how to tidy up the state welfare and the Bevridge report was published in 1942. William Bevridge was disappointed in what the welfare state had become and his report focused on full employment move within a stable economy where both Conservative and mash worked within similar ideologies at this time to keep this stability and appendage (Harris, 2004, p. 289, Alcock et al, 2004, p. 246). He was a believer of the Keynes theory that suggested thither was a need for Government intervention to manage the economy which would solve the problems of unemployment and this approach was select by the Labour party (varlet, 1999, p.24). His report further come forwardlined defeating the v giants want, ignorance, disease, squalor and idleness and his main proposal was that a national security should be universal and be compulsary everyone would pay a flat-rate contributions to a national insurance scheme. Those who fell i ll, became unemployable or reached retirement age would, in return, receive flat-rate payments (Bartholomew, 2004, p.57). His report made no special provision for unaccompanied parents at all, arguing that the reponsibility of supporting the undivided mother would be her familys although the distinctive family (which was that of a working man, his wife and children) lived almost in an income appraise unblock state. At the time there was a married-couples allowance and tax allowances remunerative for each child which made the devil parent family more believably to succeed (Bartholomew, 2004, p.255). Feminists saw his report as advocating that the womens ordinate should be in the home serving her husband and children (VSS, 2003, p.19) as Beveridge tell that married womens duties was the critical unpaid service which would ensure the adequate continuance of the British race and of the British ideals in the world (cited in Lewis et al, 2000, p.32).The years following the se cond base World War radically influenced British society the NHS was formed and divers(a) Acts such as the Education Act Family Allowance Act and the issue Assistance Act were introduced and National Insurance for the unemployed was developed (Walsh et al, 2000, p.46). The Labour government helped to create a more state orientated Britain which took place with the purchase of industries by the state however this focus changed when the Conservative government came into power in 1979 and the concentration shifted to privatisation (Burton, 1987, p.26). The Conservatives, led by Margaret Thatcher, faced the burdening line of the governments finances, rise in unemployment and NHS budget, and an increase in welfare bills. She proposed major changes in the thinking ab show up social welfare and how it should be administered. In dress to opineably reduce the increasing demand on the welfare state, which she believed to be expensive and morally weakening, she shifted the responsibility of welfare from the state to personalized, private and unforced organisations which would be more efficient and movementive (Walsh et al, 2000, p.52).During her period in office, Thatcher was influenced by her belief that the customsal nuclear family was the central force of modern keep that contributed to decency, manners, respect for property and law and self- trustfulness, and was the best atmosphere for raising children (Jones et al, 2007, p.156). The norms and set of society began to break down in the 60s and 70s when a more insubordinate society began to emerge. Changes to social policies such as come apart legislation (Divorce refine Act, 1969) and generous welfare bene get goings were nibbled for society and values deteriorating and this had caused an increase in irregular families and household types (Douglas, 1990, p.412). Thatcher and the New good believed that the only way social problems would end would be if the golden age returned in which people lived in conventional family units, women stayed at home, divorce was non considered, benefits for unaccompanied parents were low and tax allowance for children were paid knocked out(p) (Douglas, 1999, p.414). They further argued that the conventional values of womens authoritys and the tradition of marriage was important to hold society together (Jones, 2007, p.156). New in force(p) thinking, although influential in the 80s during the Thatcher Government is not new and has been around since the seventeenth and 18th century. The belief was that the government should not intercede in peoples lives and freedom, and that any intervention would cause social problems to become worse rather than change them. The New Right similarly differentiated between people who were view to be deserving of help and welfare services (poor through no fault of their own) and those who were unemployed, lazy and wasted money who should not receive welfare and support (Page et al, 1999, p.23 78).Although Th atcher was keen to encourage and maintain the roles and responsibilities of the traditional family unit for personal security, emotional satisfaction and care for family members, it became difficult repayable to changes in society and law, which allowed women more freedom. Abortions were legalised and the contraceptive pill became available for free. In addition some(prenominal) Acts were introduced which gave women the opportunity to be more equal to men such as the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), get even Pay Act (1970) and the Equal Opportunities Act (1995). Furthermore the marketization of the economy deregulation and privatisation of labour markets and spreading proprietor occupation in an unstable housing market all compete their part in the family sectionalization and womens access to, and need for, jobs (Chadwick et al, 2003, p.8). As womens lives began to change, they go away from their natural role of housewife and mother as divorce rates climbed and more alone(predic ate)-parent families became the norm. The idea of family responsibility and informal care by the existing family was formally made public but in reality, it became more difficult for family members to support each other. The belief was that the normal nuclear family should be a family of two heterointimate adults, who were married and in a sexual relationship, producing children and instilling traditional moral values in them. Therefore the breakdown of the family and specifically the increase in lone parent families and illegitimacy were know as the cause of the increase in crime, unemployment, delinquency, educational underachievement and child scantiness (Douglas, 1999, p.412 413). Charles Murray whose New Right ideas greatly influenced Thatcher and Conservative thinking believed that society in the 1960s had done nothing to improve the bread and butter of the poor but instead had caused it to be worse by creating an under screen. Despite any endorse, he further argued that the welfare programmes had produced a rise in unemployment, crime and illegitimacy in the American underclass(prenominal) and defiantly stated that people were not owed a decent standard of living, it was something they had to work for (Page et al, 1999, p.79). Murray particularly blamed the children of lone parent families for social problems as he argued that the drop of both role models would increase their chance of living in mendicancy, becoming dependent on drugs, alcohol and benefits and therefore would increase the chance of them resorting to crime. He further stated that the welfare state encouraged dependency and a break from traditional values and argued that large benefits led to families not working, but remaining aquiline on state benefits (Page et al, 1999, p.304 78). Thatcher therefore believed that the only way to reduce poverty was by ending the benefit culture, removing this dependency and encouraging self-reliance. She would have favorite(a) mothers not to w ork, as their responsibility was to be at home to care for and protect their children. More over it would have been desirable if there were no genius mothers claiming income support. Dunn Toroosian (2009, p.74) argues that the impairment legitimate and illegitimate referring to children born in or out of wedlock are old fashioned, value laden terms that reflect societies attitude to marriage and childbearing which reinforce the New Right view and the Conservative pro-family gesture, derived from Christian morality.Thatcher addressed the increase in welfare costs by cutting social expenditure, withdrawing services and introducing a new form of means tested support, which she believed targeted those in real need. She reduced the aim of benefits and replaced certain benefits with others, which meant some people lost all or some of their benefits. Furthermore child benefit was not increased in line with inflation. Discretionary payments for people in deprivation were completely ch anneld and the companionable Fund introduced to help struggling people was mostly given out in the form of loans and not grants. The effect of these changes left many an(prenominal) people and families who were receiving benefits a lot poorer.It is however argued (Pascall, 2002) that these changes to social policy left women in a stronger position by the end of the Conservative era due to improved access to work and enabled lone mothers to do paid work which made women less dependant within families. Although many of the changes happened more because of the womens movement than to Thatcherism, Thatcherite policies played a part in the process. However regardless of the womans new position, the New Rights ideology of the nuclear family is not all it is made out to be. Functionalist in particular ignored the potential harmful effect of family animateness and inequalities of domestic life. Nuclear families are very stereotypical and discriminatory (other family types are not famili es and therefore inadequate), patriarchal (there is an unequal distribution of power and situation as it is male dominant and women are exploited) and not inclusive (gay relationships, reconstituted families, unmarried parents and especially lone parents are all ignored). There was no discourse or argument about whether the nuclear family was the only one that could abide out the vital functions of the family or whether the role of nurturing children could possibly be carried out by other family types such as lone parents or two women/ men. In addition nuclear families, as with all other types of families, can be equally unfavourable especially if there is domestic crime and violence or child and drug abuse. Women may have gained more rights to be considered equal to men but in most deal the man has remained the breadwinner and women were still considered to undertake the emotional role of the domestics, housewife, mother and carer. Women a lot work part time or flexible hours in army to allow them to continue to fulfil their childcare and household responsibilities (Dunn-Toroosin, 2009, p.63). In addition, because of the changes in the economic, demographic, political and cultural trends in the industrialised world, peoples work and home lives had changed. Although great change had taken place, it seemed that other areas of society such as government, worship and business had not yet caught up with the new reality.The Labour caller led by Tony Blair came into power after a landslide supremacy in 1997 and one of his main agendums was welfare reform. Although he continued with many of the Conservatives themes and stated that the welfare state must offer a hand-up rather than a hand-out(Page, 1999, p.306), he valued people on benefits to pull their burden with his rights and responsibilities approach. However, in his attempt to break away from Thatherism, the new government pick out the Third Way which was about promoting opportunity instead of dep endance, with a welfare state providing for the mass of the people, but in new ways to fit the modern world (DSS, 1998b, p.19). Although New Labour accepted that the government had a duty to provide appropriate training and education, Blair wanted certain people receiving benefits (including single parents) to be encouraged into work and training rather than go on to receive benefits (Page, 1999, p.309). Blair stressed the importance of individuals being socially independent, however he also emphasised the importance and morals of families arguing that the breakup of confederacy in turn is consequent on the breakdown in family life (Lavalette et al, 1999, online). Blair promised that his policies would modernise and renew Britain however the ideas that they were based upon were hardly new. He ofttimes discussed his Christian beliefs and values and how they influenced his policies New Labour very much wanted to return to family values (Lavalette et al, 1999, online). Frank Field (Labour minister for welfare reform, 1998) adopted many of the views of Charles Murray and he again highlighted the role of divorce, family breakdown and illegitimacy as the main contributors of the underclass and that welfare should openly reward good behaviour and enhance those roles which the country values (cited in Lavalette, 1999, online). Labour used social welfare policy to assert a new moral docket and similarly to the policies of the New Right focused on the problem of juvenile pregnancy, single mothers and the one parent family which resulted in benefits being cut (Page, 1999, p.129). The New have it off (introduced in 1998) was concerned with moving people off benefits into work through break-dance access to training and subsidies being offered to employers who employ new-fashioned people who had been out of work for six months. Furthermore the New Deal for Lone Parents did not apply to lone parents with younger children and it did not consider how difficult it wa s for them in actually taking up paid work (Hills, 1998, p.26). The poor working class families were told that they would be held responsible for any crimes their children pull as New Labour focussed on strengthening families and communities and also shaping the institution in which children are brought up, on the basis of unchangeable values justice for all, responsibilty from all (Chadwick, 2003, p.32). Benefit recipients were told that work is their salvation, even if it meant working for benefits, and being unemployed was not an option. Another strategy on his agenda was to tackle social exclusion groups of the poor who lacked the income and the opportunities to access social establishments which again included young single mothers. New Labour saw paid work as the best way to improve the position of the socially excluded rather than creating dependancy on welfare payments and services (Page, 1999, p.307). Ironically his agenda led to increasing levels of unemployment and a g reater divide between rich and poor. It is a continuation of a number of themes that have been central to British Government policy for the last 30 years and is based on a deeply conservative moral agenda where the poor working class is increasingly identified as a problem that must be forced to accept the values of modern capitalism.Both New Right and New Labour attitudes and personal belief in how the family does work and should work has significantly impacted and influenced the Governments decision on social policy. However Page (1999, p.15) argues that social policy has always been shaped and influenced by social factors such as gender, class and age. This has in turn had consequences for women in family and public life. The effect of encouraging traditional family structures and the labelling of single parents has had both psychological and physical effects on families and such stigma often shapes and overshadows life. There was no evidence that proved the nuclear family was be tter than other family units or that lone parents were ill-matched yet this influenced policies. Furthermore, it was seen as a life style choice for single parents to be on benefits but benefits offer little chance for lone parents (and/or their children) to get out of the poverty cycle and it needs to be recognised that poverty strips dignity and makes a person powerless.Although the solution was to blame individuals and therefore change and introduce new policies and benefits, it would have been better to deal with the inequality and the lack of choices faced by some women. Providing more jobs and opportunities with better pay would have enabled women and their families to claw their way out of poverty and their reliance on welfare. Although the increase in capitalism meant progress for women as it enabled them to register the workforce, they still remained unequal as they continued to bear the burden of the family role. childcare facilities which could have allowed women to go back to work were scarce due to the lack of Thatchers commitment to spend public money on expanding childcare facilities (Douglas, 1999, p.413). Whilst much has been achieved, women are still at a definite disadvantage compared to men and therefore remain economically dependant. The aim of state welfare was to remove divisions in society, political and class inequality however because of the attitudes of the changing political powers which influenced the welfare state, the effect has been to make those divisions more visible lone parents and the underclass who have little choice than to live in impoverished environments where there is overcrowding and crimeWORD COUNT 3051